35 U.S.C. 101 Inventions patentable.
Whoever invents or discovers any new and useful process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.
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Assuming those processes are claimed properly, it is possible they could be patented.
There are two main ways for a patent application to get rejected:
1) the claimed invention is not novel
2) the claimed invention would have been obvious to one of ordinary skill in the art
So even if no one had thought of sending an SSN over a phone, an application for that could still be rejected (and is likely to be at first given the way the USPTO operates) as obvious.
It's important that you understand the way patents work. The essence of a patent is are the claim. It defines your IP rights.
Claim 1:
sending by a mobile terminal an SMS message containing a SSN
receiving said SMS message
transmitting to said mobile terminal a credit history associated with said SSN
Claim 2:
sending by a mobile terminal a first SMS message containing a SSN
receiving said first SMS message
retrieving, by a trained monkey, a credit history associated with said SSN
composing, by said trained monkey, a second SMS message containing said credit history
transmitting said second SMS message
If your application contained only claim 2, you're much more likely to get a patent. Of course that kind of patent would be worthless.
If your application contained only claim 1, you're very likely to get an obviousness rejection. An examiner could combine one reference teaching a first party furnishing a second party a SSN and receiving a credit history in return with a second reference teaching a first party transmitting a user identifier to a second party over SMS and receiving a reply SMS message containing information related to that user identifier.